Thursday, January 21, 2010

New Concoction Reprograms Differentiated Cells Into Pluripotent Stem Cells

Source: Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
Date: January 22, 2010

Summary:

Scientists from the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), a biomedical research institute of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and the National University of Singapore (NUS), have discovered a transcription factor, known as Nr5a2, which is responsible for the reprogramming of differentiated cells into stem cells. Stem cells generated from differentiated cells are known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). This find, published on January 21, 2010 in the prestigious journal Cell Stem Cell, is especially crucial in the area of cell therapy-based medicine.

Wednesday, January 20, 2010

New Way to Generate Abundant Functional Blood Vessel Cells From Human Stem Cells Discovered

Source: Weill Cornell Medical College
Date: January 20, 2010

Summary:

NEW YORK (Jan. 20, 2010) — In a significant step toward restoring healthy blood circulation to treat a variety of diseases, a team of scientists at Weill Cornell Medical College has developed a new technique and described a novel mechanism for turning human embryonic and pluripotent stem cells into plentiful, functional endothelial cells, which are critical to the formation of blood vessels. Endothelial cells form the interior "lining" of all blood vessels and are the main component of capillaries, the smallest and most abundant vessels. In the near future, the researchers believe, it will be possible to inject these cells into humans to heal damaged organs and tissues.

The new approach allows scientists to generate virtually unlimited quantities of durable endothelial cells — more than 40-fold the quantity possible with previous approaches. Based on insights into the genetic mechanisms that regulate how embryonic stem cells form vascular endothelial cells, the approach may also yield new ways to study genetically inherited vascular diseases. The study appears in the advance online issue of Nature Biotechnology.

Tuesday, January 19, 2010

Stem Cells Become Functioning Neurons in Mice

Source: HealthDay News
Date: January. 19, 2010

Summary:

HealthDay News reports researchers have enabled neurons grown from embryonic stem cells to form propper connections in mice:

Transplanted neurons grown from embryonic stem cells were able to form proper brain connections in newborn mice, U.S. scientists report. Researchers from Stanford Medical School say their study was the first to show that stem cells can be directed to become specific brain cells and to link correctly in the brain. The findings, they say, could help in efforts to develop new treatments for spinal cord injuries and nervous system diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, also called Lou Gehrig's disease.

Monday, January 18, 2010

“Jekyll and Hyde” cell may hold key to muscular dystrophy, fibrosis treatment: UBC research

Source:University of British Columbia
Date: January 18, 2010

Summary:

A team of University of British Columbia researchers has identified fat-producing cells that possess “dual-personalities” and may further the development of treatments for muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy and fibrosis. The team found a new type of fibro/adipogenic progenitors, or FAPs, that generate fatty fibrous tissues when transplanted into damaged muscles in mice. Progenitors are similar to stem cells in their capacity to differentiate, but are limited in the number of times they can divide. The findings are published in the current issue of Nature Cell Biology.

Discovery may aid transplantation and regenerative medicine

Source: The Babraham Institute
Date: 18 January 2010

Summary:

Research from the Babraham Institute, reported in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, provides new insights into how our immune system produces T cells, a type of white blood cell that is an essential part of the body's immune surveillance system for fighting infection. The findings pave the way for a new means of making purified T cells, which gets over one of many hurdles faced in the use of T cells in regenerative medicine and transplantations, and in addition will open up new avenues of research and applications in drug and toxicity testing in industry.

Sunday, January 17, 2010

Scientists identify molecule that inhibits stem cell differentiation

Source: Stanford University
Date: January 17, 2010

Summary:

Like as not, the recent holidays probably included some reminiscing about family history. There may even have been some remonstrations and recommendations from well-meaning elders to younger kin about their lives’ paths. It turns out stem cells have a similar need for long-term memory to help them know who they are and what they should become. Scientists at the Stanford University School of Medicine have now identified a molecule involved in keeping skin stem cells on the straight and narrow. The molecule, called DNMT1, helps the stem cells know whether to self-renew to create more stem cells, or to differentiate into specialized, non-dividing adult skin cells. It’s important because too much self-renewal can lead to cancer, and too little can inhibit wound healing.

First successful use of expanded umbilical-cord blood units to treat leukemia

Source: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Date: January 17, 2010

Summary:

SEATTLE – Scientists at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center have cleared a major technical hurdle to making umbilical-cord-blood transplants a more widely-used method for treating leukemia and other blood cancers. In a study published in the Jan.17 edition of Nature Medicine, Colleen Delaney, M.D., and colleagues describe the first use of a method to vastly expand the number of stem/progenitor cells from a unit of cord blood in the laboratory that were then infused into patients resulting in successful and rapid engraftment.

Monday, January 11, 2010

Growing Replacement Bone: Study Shows that Delivering Stem Cells Improves Repair of Major Bone Injuries

Source: Georgia Institute of Technology
Date: January 11, 2010


A study published this week reinforces the potential value of stem cells in repairing major injuries involving the loss of bone structure. Georgia Tech mechanical engineering professor Robert Guldberg displays a histological image showing cellular bone and cartilage regeneration integrated with a scaffold that was implanted into a large bone defect. The study shows that delivering stem cells on a polymer scaffold to treat large areas of missing bone leads to improved bone formation and better mechanical properties compared to treatment with the scaffold alone. This type of therapeutic treatment could be a potential alternative to bone grafting operations. Details of the research were published in the early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on January 11, 2010.

Thursday, January 07, 2010

Biologists Develop Efficient Genetic Modification of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Source: University of California - San Diego
Date: January 7, 2010

Summary:

Biologists at the University of California, San Diego have developed an efficient way to genetically modify human embryonic stem cells. Their approach, which uses bacterial artificial chromosomes to swap in defective copies of genes, will make possible the rapid development of stem cell lines that can both serve as models for human genetic diseases and as testbeds on which to screen potential treatments. The technique is described in the January 8 issue of the journal Cell Stem Cell.

Wednesday, January 06, 2010

Enzyme Necessary for Healthy Immune System, Study Finds

Source; University of California - Los Angeles
Date: January 6, 2010

Summary:

Mice without the deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) enzyme have defects in their adaptive immune system, producing very low levels of both T and B lymphocytes, the major players involved in immune response, according to a study by researchers with UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.

The finding could have ramifications in treating auto-immune disorders, in which the body attacks itself, and possibly certain cancers of the immune system. A drug could be developed to create lower levels of dCK in the body, thereby tamping down immune response. Such a drug might also be effective in transplant patients to decrease risk for rejection, said Dr. Caius Radu, an assistant professor of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, a Jonsson Cancer Center researcher and senior author of the study.

The study, part of a long-term research project that has resulted in the development of a new probe for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning and the creation of a non-invasive approach to observe chemotherapy at work in the body, appears this week in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Giving Cells a Fresh Start: Enzyme Wipes Developmental Slate Clean

Source: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Date: January 6, 2010

Summary:

Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) researchers and their colleagues have identified an enzyme that can effectively wipe a cell’s developmental slate clean, essentially giving a fresh start. The enzyme, which is thought to help genetically reprogram fertilized eggs as part of normal development, may help scientists create stem cells and arrest the growth of cancers.

The new research, reported in an online article in the journal Nature on January 6, 2010, represents a collaborative effort of scientists from the laboratories of HHMI investigator Yi Zhang at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Teruhiko Wakayama at the Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan. Coauthors of the article are Yuki Okada and Kwonho Hong, postdoctoral researchers in Zhang’s lab, and Kazuo Yamagata of the Wakayama lab.

Study identifies a protein complex possibly crucial for triggering embryo development

Source: University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Date: January 6, 2010

Summary:

Researchers at the UNC School of Medicine have have discovered a protein complex that appears to play a significant role in erasing epigenetic instructions on sperm DNA, essentially creating a blank slate for the different cell types of a new embryo to develop. The protein complex – called elongator – could prove valuable for changing cell fate, such as converting cancer cells to normal cells, as it may be able to reactivate tumor suppressor genes by removing the epigenetic modifications that often prevent them from curbing the proliferation of cancer cells. The discovery may also have implications for stem cell research by providing a tool to quickly reprogram adult cells to possess the same attributes as embryonic stem cells, but without the ethical or safety issues of cells currently used for such studies. The results of the study appear on-line in the Jan. 6, 2010 issue of the journal Nature.

Tuesday, December 29, 2009

Scripps research team develops technique to determine ethnic origin of stem cell lines

Source: Scripps Research Institute
Date: December 29, 2009

Summary:

An international team of scientists led by researchers at The Scripps Research Institute has developed a straightforward technique to determine the ethnic origin of stem cells. The Scripps Research scientists initiated the study—published in the January 2010 edition of the prestigious journal Nature Methods—because the availability of genetically diverse cell lines for cell replacement therapy and drug development could have important medical consequences. Research has shown that discordance between the ethnic origin of organ donors and recipients can influence medical outcomes for tissue transplantation, and that the safety and effectiveness of specific drugs can vary widely depending on ethnic background.

Monday, December 28, 2009

Chemotherapy-induced heart damage reversed in rats

Source: American Heart Association
Date: December 28, 2009

Summary:

DALLAS, — Heart tissue damage from chemotherapy drugs was reversed in rats by using their own cardiac stem cells (CSCs) that weren’t exposed to the cancer treatment. These cells reversed heart failure, according to a new study in Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. The early-stage research will lead to studying humans exposed to a class of chemotherapy drugs called anthracyclines, which is very effective in treating certain types of cancers.

Thursday, December 24, 2009

Vitamin C boosts the reprogramming of adult cells into stem cells

Source: Cell Press
Date: December 24, 2009

Summary:

Famous for its antioxidant properties and role in tissue repair, vitamin C is touted as beneficial for illnesses ranging from the common cold to cancer and perhaps even for slowing the aging process. Now, a study published online on December 24th by Cell Press in the journal Cell Stem Cell uncovers an unexpected new role for this natural compound: facilitating the generation of embryonic-like stem cells from adult cells.

Below is additional coverage of this finding:

HealthDay News

Daily Telegraph

Press Association

Scientific American

Tandem Autologous-Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplants Highly Effective for Relapsed Follicular Lymphoma

Source: Cancer Consultants
Date: December 24, 2009

Summary:

Researchers from Canada have reported that autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) followed by a sibling reduced-intensity allogeneic SCT results in progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of 96% at three and five years in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma (FL). The details of this study were presented at the 2009 meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) in New Orleans in the first week of December.[1]

Stanford scientists identify protein that keeps stem cells poised for action

Source: Stanford University Medical Center
Date: December 24, 2009

Summary:

STANFORD, Calif. — Like a child awaiting the arrival of Christmas, embryonic stem cells exist in a state of permanent anticipation. They must balance the ability to quickly become more specialized cell types with the cellular chaos that could occur should they act too early (stop shaking those presents, kids!). Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have now identified a critical component, called Jarid2, of this delicate balancing act — one that both recruits other regulatory proteins to genes important in differentiation and also modulates their activity to keep them in a state of ongoing readiness.

"Understanding how only the relevant genes are targeted and remain poised for action is a hot topic in embryonic stem cell research," said Joanna Wysocka, PhD, assistant professor of developmental biology and of chemical and systems biology. "Our results shed light on both these questions." Wysocka is the lead author of the research, which will be published in the Dec. 24 issue of Cell.

Tuesday, December 22, 2009

Study shows immune system protein involved in reprogramming adult cells to express stem cell genes

Source: Stanford University Medical Center
Date: December 22, 2009

Summary:

Scientists have discovered a protein required to quickly and efficiently reprogram human skin cells to express embryonic stem cell genes. Scientists believe there is much promise for induced pluripotent stem cells: normal adult cells that have been manipulated to develop the stem-cell-like ability to differentiate into other types of cells, potentially to be used to repair damaged tissue and treat the ravages of disease.

But making these so-called iPS cells is both time-consuming and inefficient. Now researchers at Stanford’s School of Medicine have discovered a protein required to quickly and efficiently reprogram human skin cells to express embryonic stem cell genes. The finding could eliminate a major bottleneck in the generation of iPS and embryonic stem cells — that of removing molecular tags called methyl groups from specific regions of cellular DNA. Without this process of demethylation, the stem cell genes are silent in adult, or differentiated, cells. The research is published online in the Dec. 21 issue of Nature.

Monday, December 21, 2009

Growing Blood Vessels: Bioengineered Materials Promote the Growth of Functional Vasculature, New Study Shows

Source: Georgia Institute of Technology Research News
Date: December 21, 2009

Summary:

Regenerative medicine therapies often require the growth of functional, stable blood vessels at the site of an injury. Using synthetic polymers called hydrogels, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology have been able to induce significant vasculature growth in areas of damaged tissue.

Details of the research were published in the early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on December 21, 2009. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute (ACTSI) through the Georgia Tech/Emory Center (GTEC) for the Engineering of Living Tissues, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, and the American Heart Association.

Friday, December 18, 2009

NEURALSTEM RECEIVES APPROVAL TO COMMENCE FIRST ALS STEM CELL TRIAL AT EMORY ALS CENTER

Source: Neuralstem, Inc.
Date: December 18, 2009

Summary:

ROCKVILLE, Maryland -- Neuralstem, Inc. today announced that its Phase I trial to treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease) with its spinal cord stem cells has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. The trial, which was approved by the FDA in September, will take place at the Emory ALS Center, under the direction of Dr. Jonathan Glass M.D., Director of the Emory ALS Center, who will serve as the site Principal Investigator (PI). The trial will study the safety of Neuralstem’s cells and the surgical procedures and devices required for multiple injections of Neuralstem’s cells directly into the grey matter of the spinal cord. The Emory ALS Center has posted the relevant trial information for patients on its website.